A World of Pure Curation

A World of Pure Curation In February, I interviewed Holly H. ’18, about her art gallery in the Student Center. Holly is a Comparative Media Studies major, skilled photographer, writer, fimographer, and visual artist. On top of that, she is also an MIT Arts Scholar. So, what do you get when you combine these all together? One multimedia experience that is both a deeper look into her personal life, and strikingly politically charged. The exhibit, which was up for the month of February, was created and curated by her (with some art contributions from another student). Our interview is transcribed below, but first, here’s some notable parts and video work of the exhibition: What’s the name of your gallery, Holly? Holly: Well it’s funny you ask. I couldn’t think of what to call it, and so it became desperate because it was like the day before, and so I Googled “How to Name your Exhibition”, and apparently there’s a WikiHow article called “WikiHow: How to Name Your Solo Exhibition”. And so I decided that was good enough. Did people comment on the name at all? Holly: A couple people sent me photos of that, as like a way of showing me that they were there. Or like, a couple of people were like “woah, hehe,” but nothing too exciting. I don’t know; you just have to name it something, I guess, right? Yeah, names do matter but… not so much. Unless you want them to. Holly: It’s really hard for me; it seems really Meta to me to not only make a body of work, but also have to make, to comment upon that in like one word or phrase. A theme. Holly: Yeah, like to give it a theme or to give it a name, so, you want me to make all this, and deeply have analyzed all of this, and also analyze how it all fits together. If I knew how to do that, I’d know myself really f***ing well, I guess. Not at that level yet. Maybe some day. Holly: Yeah, I guess. I hope. I don’t know. I don’t want to interpret my own art too much. What are the logistics behind this? How did you actually- did you talk to someone? Holly: Oh, well, first, I’ll let you know that it’s open from now until the end of February 2017. It’s in the new Weisner Gallery located in the Student Center on the second floor, which is owned by the MIT Art Scholars, who recently renovated the gallery. And, just before this show, there was the Art Scholars Co-Exhibistion, which was really cool, and so I helped to curate that show, and then I curated this show, my own show, which was actually part of a final project for an independent study I did last semester. So, this other one that you did, what was it again? Holly: It was the MIT Art Scholars, which is a group of people at MIT of all ages, of all class years, every single dorm, it’s very diverse, who just do some form of arts. And, that goes from everything from making ice skating uniforms by hand, to vocals or piano, to like visual arts, so really cool. And that show was very interesting. It was the first show in the gallery since it was renovated. You did something else last year, in Kresge? In the basement? Do you remember? Holly: Yes, yes, yes. That was with the MIT Art Scholars, so that was like a group show. Mostly to show the Art Scholars each other’s work, because we had like vague ideas of what we were interested in, but hadn’t gotten to see anything. It was very cool. What does it feel like to put your art out there in the world?   Holly: It feels really powerful; it’s something that I’ve been trying to do more, in the past, like, six months especially. This summer, I decided to start constantly be making things, and after a while I just had too many things in my apartment to live around them anymore. So, I realized I had to take them somewhere. And so, I went and took them to a bar that I went to often times, and I hung them up, and that was really fun. So, it was my first time putting my art out publicly at all, but in a very low stress way. And then, at the end of the summer, I still had a bunch of art in my apartment that hadn’t sold, and so I just like, set it on the street corner and wrote a “FREE” sign, because there was nothing I could do, and it was on these, like, gigantic planks of wood. So, in that way, in that time period, I had to be so unfeeling, I guess. I just couldn’t even think about the fact that I was just leaving it out, but I knew that it was out in the world, so then like, I guess it became more important for me to just get this s**t out than anything, just because it feels powerful to kind of not know where it’s going to go, or how it’s going to affect people. So, it feels really good, but it also feels super vulnerable, especially because it’s like on display for the MIT audience, so it’s not just strangers who could connect with it as they would, you know, a more anonymous person, but it’s my peers. Yeah, that know you. Holly: Yeah, and can come up and talk to me about it. Oh my god, I had such a crazy experience yesterday; I was talking to someone, and they were like “Oh, when were these pictures taken?” or something like that. And I said, “Oh, it was when blah blah blah,” and they were like, “Oh, was that before or after this event in your life?” And, I was like “How do you know that?” and they had read it in my journal, in the gallery. Oh man. Holly: And I was like, that was too f***ing weird, that was like they were storing my memories for me, or something. I don’t know, it became very weird. Did you expect that to happen? I mean, you did put a whole journal. Holly: Yeah, I expected to have conversations with people about the art, but like, it was a different thing to have someone reference something… like, I don’t know. It wasn’t a bad experience, but it was weird. But so, the way that I ended up doing this exhibition opening was through an independent study. So, I’m a Comparative Media Studies major, which is like a really awesome department, and I really enjoy Media Studies. But so, that allows me to be very broad and explore a number of different types of media within CMS. And so, in the past, things I’ve looked at are video art and video production, or photography, which are like the visual arts. But then also like, I spent a long time researching the music industry and the shape of hip-hop, and the death of the music industry post-digitization of music. And then, CMS also has let me look at journalism and the news system, which I find very interesting. What about it? Holly: Particularly now, well. So, first of all, the news system, similar to the music industry, has been completely revolutionized by the internet. Because it makes it so the product, which is, like, inherently a physical product, is now able to be accessed in an unlimited capacity, which takes away the control of the pay. And so, news systems are having to figure out new funding, and new ways to represent people, and I hope that this is moving to less hegemonic ways, and it is moving towards more independent media. I think that’s very interesting. And, the whole thing with like, fake news; it’s a big thing. So now, what I’m interested in within CMS is more contemporary art, particularly like, political or radical, like revolutionary art. And so, I kind of started seeing really good contemporary art when I was in Paris last summer, and that opened in me an interest for this. And so, CMS is really cool, because something I’ve been able to do is independent study. And so, this independent study was in curation and exhibition, and I got to do it under my mentor, Jay Scheib. It was a really cool experience. I got to talk to the curator of the List, and curate two exhibitions, and do a lot of cool reading, and visit a lot of different exhibitions around Boston and New York. And I loved it; I learned so much from it. And to be able to do a final project in a form like this exhibition opening was unparalleled. Yeah, that sounds pretty awesome. So, what would you say- are there any overarching themes in your gallery? Holly: It’s hard to speak to themes, per say, but I guess, I was really interested in representing femininity and youthfulness and queerness, and trying to, like, talk politically, and represent kind of unusual people. Definitely non-hegemonic, but also just, a lot of the characters I draw are just kind of strange. Yeah, I’d say queerness, youthfulness, femininity and… hm, I don’t know. There’s something else there. It was really interesting in a conversation with Daniela, my best friend, she was talking about how- we were talking about how a lot of people would come up to me and ask me, like, “So, I see that there’s something that relates all of these, and they look like they fit together, but what is that thing? I don’t understand, like what would you say, what ties them all together?” and I was like, “I don’t know, I guess that’s just like my style,” but Daniela mentioned that the people who didn’t know me wouldn’t be able to discern what that was, be cause they wouldn’t know my style, and so they would just be like “What is this, this weird cohesion?” So yeah. That’s a lot, about things. What kind of messages are you trying to portray in your art, or what are you trying to talk about? Holly: I definitely want to talk about intersectional feminism, and race issues, and United States specific issues. I want to talk about what being queer is, and different types of queer people. I want to talk about sex, because I grew up in a place where sex was super repressed. I want to try and normalize sex. Also, just like… to be sexual is to be lively, and in some ways even that feels radical, when the administration inspires despair. And it shouldn’t be like that. Holly: And, I want to talk about my feelings. Mental illness. And the power of being female, and how awesome f***ing women are, and how awesome we can all be together. Which artist are you most inspired by? Holly: I think the most interesting artist to me right now is this guy named Bryant Giles who lives in Chicago, and he makes, like, really gorgeous drawings that I take a lot of inspiration from. He just started a unisex clothing line that’s very like, high end and original, so I think he’s really dope, and he’s definitely an inspiration. But, I also look to, non-visual artists for inspiration. I really love Frank Ocean, like everyone who ever existed does, because he just is so, so meticulous in his process, and so thoughtful, and still maintains really strong affect, while making an extremely technically meticulous work. I think he’s really, really good. And so, I try to think of him. And then I think, I love Van Gogh and Basquiat, to hit some art history. So would you say you’re inspired by impressionist art? Holly: I think in the way that I try to add color, and the way I try to oil paint, I definitely like impressionist, where it’s like, thicker paint. But also, it’s supposed to be more fleeting in the light. I don’t know; I really like impressionism. So, how did you decide the order, and how to place the pieces in the gallery? Holly: So, I wanted to have my oil paintings and my favorite set of photographs towards the back wall, so that you would have the biggest kind of visual experience as you were the furthest into the room. And, so there I put my Italy, Tennessee, and Idaho Falls pictures, and also all of the oil paintings over the past semester. And so that was, like, the first decision. And then, I had the three panels of video, so that was obvious. And that left standing space, and this first panel on the left. I still had photographs I wanted to put up, and two small sculptural things, so those went well together, and kind of were a soft introduction, because it was just more lighthearted quick-make sort of things. Then, I had three sketchbooks, and so I knew I wanted those to be on a desk, and the gallery is really, really big. So, I wanted to try and fill some of the space, so I put it right in the middle, and put those there so it could be kind of like a dividing point, to make the space seem sma ller, and for people to gather around. I think it worked really well. Holly: Thank you. Then, the rock glass case is just to the side of that, to act as a further division. I wanted Cyn, Cynthia Odu’s paintings to be right in the front, and right in their own space, because they’re very commanding, and I wanted to distinguish them from my oil paintings, and also give them a very immediate space. Post Tagged #Arts Scholars #CMS - Comparative Media Studies

Is Leni Riefenstahl guilty or not guilty Free Essay Example, 2000 words

â€Å"Un-German† art was that which was pure art and had nothing to do with the â€Å"good† of the Nazi ideologies and Germany as a whole. The power to control artists was handed to him by the March 1933 Enabling Act, and through it, he could enforce whatever Nazi ideologies he wished into the artists’ world, whether it was painting, drawing, dancing, performing arts, or architecture. In his abuse of the Act, Hitler directed that artists were to be â€Å"politically reliable†. This elaborated, Hitler meant that all art should praise him, and if one failed to apply this in their art, they would be denied the right to conduct their activities in Nazi Germany. This twist of events expelled many artists from Germany, but Leni Riefenstahl did not seem affected. The lives of artists were further made worse when Hitler displayed what he termed as â€Å"degenerate art†, which was a display set up in Munich in 1936 to act as a guide of telling artists what was acceptable and what was rejected. In concealing his agenda, Hitler hosted hundreds of art competitions and offered cash prizes to those who presented works with strong Nazi and German ideologies. Leni Riefenstahl was not spared either. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Leni Riefenstahl guilty or not guilty or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Rather, Hitler tried to keep her as a friend of his Nazi party because he liked her way of applying aesthetics in film to direct motion pictures. His idea was to use her unique abilities of reaching the audience to spread his rule all over Germany and the world. Her tools of work included cameras and motion picture video captures unique in that she used to track rails and cranes to get amazing shots which were unique at that time. Amongst her first works for the Nazi regime was the Victory of Faith film, which she shot at a party rally in Nuremberg. Her work impressed Hitler, who offered her a large reward which she was hesitant in taking. She, however accepted his offer of providing her with full license to run her motion pictures and unlimited resources to foster her work. It is unclear whether the offers were responsible for her success which followed such as the shooting of Olympia which captured the Berlin Summer Olympic Games of 1936 which ear ned her several awards and global recognition3. However, her later relationships with the Nazi party were not as she expected, especially after witnessing the brutality and attacks of the British troops whom she accompanied at times. She was as confident as to approach Hitler and request him to end the brutality of his army, and from there, her association with the Nazis began fading.

7th Grade Language Arts - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 475 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? I have thought a lot about my language arts teacher today and how I do not want to lose her. My mom has a teacher she used to have that has a modeo that says once a student always a student and that is true for the two of us because we are friends!!!! I will still be reading a lot next year because she encouraged me to and because I learned a life lesson that is what reading can do for your life and I hope I can teach my friend Jenna that lesson!! I will remember my teacher forever and I hope she knows that I will miss her very much!!!!!!!. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "7th Grade Language Arts" essay for you Create order She has changed my life because I have my love for reading back and I have realized that it would be stupid of me to feel like I am not a good reader or writer ever again. I have a special place in my heart for her and even though I may not be living In Kentucky when I grow up I will still remember her! I will remember her until I die and when I come home to see my parents I may be able to see her!!!!!! I love her so much and she loves me to. We are so close that I am praying to see what the best thing is for me to do for my career and where he wants me to live. I have a feeling that he is telling me to live in Kentucky near my parents and to work at the middle school and live in New York in the summer times to work with Jenna!!!!! I may go live in New York while I’m getting my teacher degree so that I can help Jenna get the Bakery Shop started. That’s just in case Mrs. Mattingly is still working at the middle school when I get out of college. I am going to college for a total of 8 years, but I am getting my teacher degree first and then I am getting a music degree online instead with my cousin. So that means that in eleven years which that is including 8th grade I would be trying to get a job at the middle school. I will see what the lord wants me to do, but I do feel that he is telling me to do that. I hope I can do that without my friend Jenna getting mad. I want to teach Language arts because Mrs. Mattingly has taught me a lot of things emotionally that I want to teach other people especially the lesson I have learned about what reading can do for your life. Also I want to teach language arts so that I can encourage people to love to read just like Mrs. Mattingly has done for me.

Finding Deforestation Essay Topics on the Web

Finding Deforestation Essay Topics on the Web How to Choose Deforestation Essay Topics Essay deforestation causes a good deal of. Get to understand main steps how to acquire a plagiarism free themed essay from. Skim through that and then concentrate on the subject of deforestation. You should write about the causes and potential impacts of the deforestation in 3-4 paragraphs of the most important portion of your paper. There are several reasons and factors that support the development of deforestation. Although the issue of deforestation is nothing new to the majority of people, the problem of cutting woods is currently getting more global. There are two crucial problems that surround deforestation. The government must practice population control in order to not burden forests to fulfill the ever-increasing needs. As an example, countries build roads and railway expansion into remote regions to increase overland transportation of products. It's undeniable that the America is the very best nation in the world. For many men and women in the industry world, economic sustainability or growth their main focus. The Deforestation Essay Topics Trap If training isn't provided, then teachers will need to be brought in from different locations, which keeps money away from the neighborhood economy and might result in a deficit of skilled teachers in the region later on. It's going to be interesting for the teacher to discover what you personally think of the problems and which solution you can provide. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. Advice and tips for all sorts of students! The Basic Facts of Deforestation Essay Topics Sanctuaries go a ways in protecting all wildlife. Humans must not be quite as selfish in order to make different animals homeless to shelter themselves. To halt the forests getting destroyed, the center of mother nature you can just avoid using wooden articles. Ensure that your private comfort doesn't harm the entire atmosphere. At length, forest is a house for the wonderful number of animals and plants, the majority of which are today are nearly extinct. The biggest thing we can do in order to help endangered animals is to look after our world. When you purchase fruits and veggies per piece there's no need to place them in a plastic bag. The fundamental needs being shelter and food are given with the assistance of forests for which an optimum quantity of consumption and production is required. Indeed, the nation's highest point is simply two meters above sea level. Another instance is use a towel, as opposed to paper towels. Deforestation is quite terrible news for the surroundings and for the climate. It has become a huge concern in today's life as there has been a rise in the decline of forests. It occurs in rainforest e very day, destroying 80 acres every minute. It occurs in rainforest every day, destroying 80. As a consequence of deforestation carbon-dioxide will stay in the atmosphere. There are lots of causes of the deforestation like wood extraction on account of the increasing human population and industrial interests of individuals. Granted, there are steps that may be taken to lessen the effect of deforestation. It'll be clearer if we understand the effect of deforestation and make attempts to stop it. There's, obviously, a limit on the range of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. Writing a topic sentence for every one of your planned paragraphs can help you gauge how much information you've got for each sub-theme. Read books and utilize Internet resources where the findings on exactly the same topic are readily available. To get started writing your assignment you would want to run into an interesting and promising topic.

Its Illegal to be Homeless Essay Example For Students

Its Illegal to be Homeless Essay Its Illegal to be Homeless Homelessness has been a constant presence in American cities, towns, and rural areas for many years and a major problem in our society. During the recession of 1981-82 it was identified as a national issue for the first time since the Great Depression. Since the early 1980s, homelessness has been a regular focus of media interest and a topic of policy debate. The reasons for homelessness are many. Lack of affordable housing remains a formidable obstacle to solving the homeless crisis. However, the recent trends in homelessness include an increase in homeless women and children directly attributable to domestic violence. Therefore, the homeless population is growing. The National Homeless Civil Rights Organizing Project (NHCROP)- a project of the National Coalition for the Homeless- has partnered with the National Law Center on Homelessness ; Poverty to compile data samplings from 80 communities, both urban and rural, in 37 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. The National Law Center on Homelessness ; Poverty has published five similar reports in the past decade. Theirs is the most comprehensive examination of its type on this issue to date. Homeless persons find their civil rights threatened in an increasing number of communities, according to a new report released by homeless advocacy groups. The report finds that more jurisdictions are enacting laws that effectively criminalize homelessness by prohibiting activities such as sleeping or camping in public, even when no shelter beds are available. The report finds that the use of these ordinances is increasing. Almost 80 percent of the cities surveyed in the 2002 report have laws that prohibit sleeping/ camping in public areas. Meanwhile, 100 percent of communities surveyed lack enough shelter beds to meet demand. The report distinguishes California as the meanest state in the country for people who are poor and homeless, with New York City vying with Atlanta, GA and San Francisco, CA- the three meanest cities nationally- for top notoriety. special mention goes to Palm Beach County, FL for their chillingly Orwellian methods of tracking people who are homeless. ;Homelessness will not disappear simply by putting people behind bars. We need to address the systemic causes and look at real solutions. The burden of poverty is far too great to be exacerbated by the criminalization of the impoverished. 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In fact, it is getting much worse every year. .ua1dba8f059544d8c2cd01fb2badec205 , .ua1dba8f059544d8c2cd01fb2badec205 .postImageUrl , .ua1dba8f059544d8c2cd01fb2badec205 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua1dba8f059544d8c2cd01fb2badec205 , .ua1dba8f059544d8c2cd01fb2badec205:hover , .ua1dba8f059544d8c2cd01fb2badec205:visited , .ua1dba8f059544d8c2cd01fb2badec205:active { border:0!important; } .ua1dba8f059544d8c2cd01fb2badec205 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua1dba8f059544d8c2cd01fb2badec205 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua1dba8f059544d8c2cd01fb2badec205:active , .ua1dba8f059544d8c2cd01fb2badec205:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua1dba8f059544d8c2cd01fb2badec205 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua1dba8f059544d8c2cd01fb2badec205 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua1dba8f059544d8c2cd01fb2badec205 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua1dba8f059544d8c2cd01fb2badec205 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua1dba8f059544d8c2cd01fb2badec205:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua1dba8f059544d8c2cd01fb2badec205 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua1dba8f059544d8c2cd01fb2badec205 .ua1dba8f059544d8c2cd01fb2badec205-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua1dba8f059544d8c2cd01fb2badec205:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Accepting and Being Who You Are Essay One of the reasons this is not a popular topic to talk about .

The Taming Of The Shrew - Analytic Play Review Essays -

The Taming Of The Shrew - Analytic Play Review The Taming Of The Shrew by William Shakespeare is probably one of Shakespeare's earliest comedies. Its plot is derived from the popular 'war of the sexes' theme in which males and females are pitted against one another for dominance in marriage. The play begins with an induction in which a drunkard, Christopher Sly, is fooled into believing he is a king and has a play performed for him. The play he watches is what constitutes the main body of The Taming Of The Shrew. In it, a wealthy land owner, Baptista Minola, attempts to have his two daughters married. One is very shrewish, Katherine, while the other is the beautiful and gentle Bianca. In order to ensure Katherine is married, Baptista disallows Bianca to be espoused until Katherine is wed, forcing the many suitors to Bianca to find a mate for Katherine in order for them to vie for Bianca's love. Many critics of the play condemn it for the blatant sexist attitude it has toward women but closer examination of the play and the intric acies of its structure reveal that it is not merely a story of how men should 'put women in their place'. The play is, in fact, a comedy about an assertive woman coping with how she is expected to act in the society of the late sixteenth century and of how one must obey the unwritten rules of a society to be accepted in it. Although the play ends with her outwardly conforming to the norms of society, this is in action only, not in mind. Although she assumes the role of the obedient wife, inwardly she still retains her assertiveness. Most of the play's humour comes from the way in which characters create false realities by disguising themselves as other people, a device first introduced in the induction. Initially this is accomplished by having Christopher Sly believe he is someone he is not and then by having the main play performed for him. By putting The Taming Of The Shrew in a 'play within a play' structure, Shakespeare immediately lets the audience know that the play is not rea l thus making all events in the play false realities. Almost all characters in the play take on identities other than their own at some point of time during the play. Sly as a king, Tranio as Lucentio, Lucentio as Cambio, Hortensio as Litio and the pedant as Vicentio are all examples of this. Another example of this is Katherine as an obedient wife. In The Taming Of The Shrew, courtship and marriage are not so much the result of love but rather an institution of society that people are expected to take part in. As a result of the removal of romance from marriage, suitors are judged, not by their love for a woman, but by how well they can provide for her. All suitors compare the dowry each can bring to the marriage and the one with the most to offer 'wins' the woman's hand in marriage. This competition for marriage is like a game to the characters of the play. While discussing the courtship of Bianca with Gremio, Hortensio says "He that runs fastest gets\ The ring" (Act I, scene i, l. 140-141) likening receiving permission to wed Bianca to winning a race. In the game, however, women are treated like objects that can be bought and sold rather than as human beings. This is expected since the society is a patriarchal one. For example, Lucentio, Tranio and Petruchio are all defined with reference to their fathers and all the elderly authority figures, like Baptista and Vicentio, are men. The taming of Katherine is not a women's shrewishness being cured as much as it is a woman being taught the rules of the 'patriarchal game'. Katherine has learned how to be assertive and with this knowledge is able to control men, and a woman controlling a man is considered 'against the rules' of the game. The play ends with Katherine proving that she is truly cured of her 'shrewishness' and is the most obedient of the three newlywed wives at the end of the play. This is demonstrated

Hewlett Packard Fort Collins Essays

Hewlett Packard Fort Collins Essays Hewlett Packard Fort Collins Essay Hewlett Packard Fort Collins Essay Fort Collins Division (FCD) was established In February of 1977, headed by Tom Kelley, and known in the beginning as a Calculator Products Group. One year later, the Ft Collins Division produced the HP-250 small business computer system and became known as the Desktop Computer Division (DCD) in august of the same year. In 1979, DCD was HPs most profitable division, reaching revenue of $200M. Their next big leap came in 1983 with the combination of the allied, yet struggling, Engineering Systems Division (ESD). At the time, the ESD was producing the 500 series line of computers. The two combined to form the Fort Collins System Division (FCSD) and produced the first highly-successful 300 series computers. Three years later, the Fort Collins system division reached revenue of 475M in 1988. Introduction Hewlett-Packard is addressing the best approach in manufacturing an upcoming line of 9000HP computers. They assess previously used techniques such as â€Å"repetitive Just-in-Time manufacturing† and â€Å"low volume manufacturing† for the future complex, low-level production line. There are many ways to adapt repetitive manufacturing concepts to lower volume complex products. The following outlines the assessment, incorporation, and feedback experienced by Hewlett-Packard when adopting a JIT manufacturing concept for their line of complex, low-volume, 9000HP computer line. Methodology A common approach to JIT repetitive manufacturing is the progressive assembly line consisting of man and or machine resources. In order to prevent bottlenecks and inventories, these lines are sought to be balanced so that time at each station is equal. The sustainability of a balanced progressive assembly line becomes more difficult with the complexity of the product. Progressive assembly lines are also constrained by the number of operators. This number bust be less than or equal to your number of operators to ensure that each operation or set of operations has at least one resource to perform the task. Additionally, routing must be established that allows the product to flow through all operations. Materials as well as labor are often tracked with work orders rather than batch work orders found in traditional Material Requirements Planning systems (MRP). The complexity of the 9000HP computer line would not typically suite repetitive or JIT manufacturing. Characteristics of progressive assembly lines can be referenced in Figure 1 below. Figure 1: Progressive Assembly Line Visual Adversely, low volume manufacturing areas are not concerned with line balancing because each operation is done in batch rather than piece-part as result of variety and or complexity of builds. These batch quantities are then moved to the next operation’s queue or placed into stock. When encountering a shortage, low volume batch manufacturing can still progress because of the independence of the operations. Unlike progressive assembly lines, there are typically many operations to be performed by a fewer number of people. This allows for one operator to work on one job until completion of the batch, flow the material onwards, and work on another. Lower volume batch processes can be seen in Figure 2 below. Figure 2: Low Volume Batch Processing In order to accomplish JIT manufacturing with low volume, the proper precautions must be regarded and the issues discussed above must be addressed. The list below outlines the greatest differences between low volume batch processes and high volume repetitive manufacturing: * Operation times measured in hours/days * Flow is disconnected * Operations disconnected * People cross-trained in operations * Number of people lt;= Number of operations * Line balance is not a factor * Work order batch accounting used to track material and labor * Process is flexible and can build various products * Batch scheduling The desktop computer family for the 9000HP line contains six million configurations made from nineteen different logical choices, twenty-seven major sub assemblies. The product family has 3,000 part numbers excluding parts needed for more intricate circuit board assemblies and cathode ray tube parts. The assembly of a HP9000 requires 10-20 hours of labor, depending on the configuration, and initial cycle time of approximately 40 workings hours (or fifty-two times per year). This cycle time includes all operations performed, starting with the printed circuit operation and ending with shipment. Hewlett-Packard determined that a traditional batch system was undesirable because of the lengthy cycle times, process inflexibility, and inventory implications. However, the complexity of the 9000HP coupled with low volume builds proves also poor for a progressive assembly line. Conclusively, by isolating the differences between JIT assembly and low volume batching, HP began their approach to a continuous flow customized production technique. The installation of a kanban system and material requirements planning are utilized for shop floor scheduling and purchasing while eliminating the need of work orders. In 1980, HP successfully links the benefits of JIT manufacturing and total quality control (TQC) during an implementation of three separate phases. Abstract Phase I of manufacturing the HP9000 began with a layout of tactics that HP set out to emulate. By minimizing vendors, HP would be able to ensuring material availability. They also wanted to ensure process control by developing quality procedures and rapid feedback problems. Finally and perhaps most importantly, selecting machinery and equipment to minimize setup time while maximizing flexibility and allowing for lot sizes of one. Therefore, Phase I of the HP9000 JIT-TQC implementation consisted of a closed-loop transporter and carousel for stockroom material located on the production line as seen in Figure 3. By installing the transporter and carousel, HP would be able to build the complex product, maintain flexibility, and achieve one at a time production with kanban control. Figure 3: HP9000 Line Continuous Flow Customized Production HP experienced much success with the installation of Phase I such as; low and sustained lot sizes and a decrease of work in process by 50 percent on average. However, overwhelming concern for labor tracking by operation caused the Phase I approach to be abandoned during the incorporation of Phase II just twenty-one months later. Changes in the company allowed for reexamination of the JIT-TQC link and the implementation of Phase II. The Fort Collins Division shuffled their tactics and simplified their objectives to achieve improvement. The decision was made to eliminate the transporter and carousel to save space and improve asset turnover. HP also set out to make TQC efforts more rigorous and use kanban to link final assembly and circuit board operations under JIT principles. Results of Phase II included the sustained low kanban quantities, averaging one and sometimes achieving zero. Output has also risen substantially and the induction of more rigorous quality control proved to be successful with the causes of waste and poor quality eliminated. This has consequently lead to substantial rises in output. Shortly after the implementation of Phase II, Hewlett-Packard Fort Collins Division redefined their manufacturing objectives to better sustain profitability, thus giving rise to the third and final phase – Phase III. New objectives included; maximizing product quality, maximizing product delivery, and minimizing product cost. HP wanted to extend their vision statement and convert all manufacturing to JIT and even begin JIT kanban with suppliers. Conclusion Results of Phase III had not yet been published but today, Hewlett-Packard has successfully converted all product lines to JIT manufacturing and reduced the cost of inventory held from $670,000 to a mere $20,000 within their circuit board line specifically. HP’s influence spans over nearly six decades and even with the company’s humble beginnings, HP has grown into a computer empire; influencing several countries and industries over the course of their existence.